Information Technology In Health Care 2019

Changing laws and new technologies in the health care industry often take the steam out of health care management. Administrators need to understand how these items work in order to incorporate new technologies into practice and to meet state and federal compliance standards. Increase worker productivity and efficiency by getting an Associates Degree in Health Care Information Technology. Health Care Information Technology covers the wide spectrum of health care data and administrative management. Technologists work with pain and disease coding, evaluate electronic record systems, plan transitions to an electronic formats from paper-based systems, and deal with compliance issues. Administrators involved in health care information technology provides support for all hospital functions and infrastructure, maintain communications with members of the community, ensure that health care objectives are satisfied, and oversees patient care, research, education and training, and clinical processes. A successful health care information technician has computer skills, schedules appointments, has familiarity with HIPAA laws, and understands billing, insurance and payment options. Individuals with health care information technology training serve in administrative, clinical, information technology, and technical, and data management and data analyst capacities. .u8d83c59dc91e68dc80f758df0a4d5be4 { padding:0px; margin: 0; padding-top:1em!important; padding-bottom:1em!important; width:100%; display: block; font-weight:bold; background-color:#eaeaea; border:0!important; border-left:4px solid #34495E!important; box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -moz-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -o-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -webkit-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); text-decoration:none; } .u8d83c59dc91e68dc80f758df0a4d5be4:active, .u8d83c59dc91e68dc80f758df0a4d5be4:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; text-decoration:none; } .u8d83c59dc91e68dc80f758df0a4d5be4 { transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; } .u8d83c59dc91e68dc80f758df0a4d5be4 .ctaText { font-weight:bold; color:inherit; text-decoration:none; font-size: 16px; } .u8d83c59dc91e68dc80f758df0a4d5be4 .post Title { color:#000000; text-decoration: underline!important; font-size: 16px; } .u8d83c59dc91e68dc80f758df0a4d5be4:hover .postTitle { text-decoration: underline!important; } READ Bachelor Degree Nursing Online Program Forensic Corrections Nurses Provide Needed Treatment to InmatesMost training programs offer an Associates Degree in Health Information Technology, although Bachelors and graduate degrees are offered in fields such as bioinformatics and computer science. An Associates Degree prepares an individual for entry-level employment in the health care industry. A sampling of Associate Degree programs in Health Care Information Technology is listed below. Most degree programs require classes in medical terminology, anatomy and physiology, physical science, legal issues, and database management issues. Colorado Technical University Online Colorado Technical University offers an Associate of Science degree in Health Information Technology. The program covers healthcare coding and billing, security, data applications and windows operating systems. Related ArticlesHealth Care Management College DegreesHealth Care Informatics FactsEarning a Masters Degree in Health AdministrationA Masters Degree in Health Care ManagementOpening Doors to a Health Care Financial Management CareerHealthcare From General Electric

The United Nations Universal Declaration Of Human Rights

In accordance with the United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) it is proclaimed by the General Assembly that â€Å"all human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights† (The United Nation [UN], 1948). But what are human rights? While they might be a substantially contemporary subject, the worlds first charter of human rights is now identified in 593 B.C when Cyrus the Great; freed the slaves, established racial equality and freedom to choose one’s own religion (Fleiner, 1999) With the emergence of the 18th century’s Age of Enlightenment, the concept of human rights was elevated with strong associations to the philosophy of liberalism, holding connotations of freedom after the abolition of slavery, serfdom and suppression in Europe and overseas (Von Mises, 2005). However when the United Nations drafted and constructed the Universal Declaration of Human rights, it was pledged â€Å"universal respect for and observance of all human rig hts and fundamental freedoms† (UN, 1948). The accentuation of universalism; applicable to all, is the foundation of the UDHR, thus the intrinsic dignity of every human being. Although on the contrary to universal innateness of human rights, is controversial criticisms of the international law’s universality, Makau Matua among many others deem it to be merely one more attempt by the West to perform similarly, modern day colonisation. Chairperson of the Commission of Human Rights and one of the drafters of the UniversalShow MoreRelatedThe Rights Of The United Nations Universal Declaration Of Human Rights870 Words   |  4 PagesAll human beings are born with rights no matter a person’s race, religion, or gender. There are 30 of rights found in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR). Under the UDHR there are 30 rights given to humans that were created to stop war from happening among people. These rights should have the power to prevent war from happening by giving every human life importance. Everyone has the same human rights shows all lives matter and are important and should be respected. Three human rightsRead MoreThe United Nations Universal Declaration Of Human Rights1854 Words   |  8 PagesThere are many arguments that there will soon be a Third World War. World Wars I and II have been instigated by nations wanting to rule parts of the world. The Islamic State in Iraq and Syria (ISIS) h as caused many fights and controversy all around the world, possibly igniting World War III. This very dangerous and powerful group has no regard for human rights committing numerous atrocities, including sexual assault and forced marriage, suicide attacks within civilian areas, killings of religiousRead MoreModern Slavery : The United Nations Universal Declaration Of Human Rights Essay1806 Words   |  8 PagesModern Slavery One of the major, if not the biggest, human rights abuse in the history of the world is slavery. This can be attributed to it being a forced practice and how the methodology used to enforce it, violates not just one of the articles under the United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights, but an unbearable number of them. The exploitation of an enslaved human deprives that individual from the right to life and liberty, it deems them unequal and therefore guarantees them a lifeRead MoreA Brief Note On The United Nations General Assembly Issued The Universal Declaration Of Human Rights791 Words   |  4 PagesIn 1948, the United Nations General Assembly issued the Universal Declaration of Human Rights to declare all individuals are born free and equal in rights and dignity. All individuals have to right to equal protection, liberty to travel, form a family, acquire property, freedom of expression, and freedom of religion. Under this report, no individual will be subject to cr uel, inhuman, or undignified treatment, punishment, or torture (Alexander, 2010) Although, rural individuals suffer from poorerRead MoreHow Do the Principles of the United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Relate to the Saint Leo University Core Value of Community?997 Words   |  4 PagesThe principles of the United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights relates to the Saint Leo Universities core value of community in a lot of different ways. Part of Saint Leo’ mission statement is to create a student-centered environment in which love of learning is of prime importance. Members of the community are expected to examine and express their own values, listen respectfully to and respond to the opinions of others, serve the community in which they live, welcome others intoRead MoreWhat Are Human Rights? Essay1152 Words   |  5 PagesThe rights you have simply because you are human Every single human being on this planet has rights (What Are Human Rights, n.d). These rights are given to us through birth, and the day I was asked, what my human rights were, I found myself speechless. I did not know how to answer the question, which at the time sounded so easy. I forgot about the question that had me so puzzled, and just brushed it off, ironically six month later I get an assignment on the United Nations Universal Declaration ofRead MoreThe Universal Declaration of Human Rights as a Hard Law Instrument1494 Words   |  6 PagesThe Universal Declaration of Human Rights is the first global human rights treaty that was formulated. The main driving force behind the formation of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights was the Second World War, which in it course saw some of the worst human atrocities being committed on a global scale. The Declaration was adopted by the United Nations General Assembly on the 10th of December 1948. The term  soft law  refers to legal instruments which do not have any legally binding forceRead MoreTheu.s. Bill Of Rights And The Un Universal Declaration Of Human Rights1039 Words   |  5 PagesContrast the Views of Rights in the U.S. Bill of Rights and the UN Universal Declaration of Human Rights The U.S. Bill of Rights and the UN Universal Declaration of Human Rights are documents that were created to tell the rights we as human beings are entitled to have. The documents were designed to keep order so we can live productive lives. The documents stop us from being taken advantage of and extorted by others. The U.S. Bill of Rights and the UN Universal Declaration of Human Rights offers us a voiceRead MoreThe, Universal Declaration Of Human Rights980 Words   |  4 Pagesaddition to civil society, began to united together in order to ensure history would not repeat itself. This action culminated in the advent of the United Nations. Formed with the intention of promoting international peace and cooperation among sovereign states, the United Nations seemed like a logical step in to ensuring universal rights. In 1948, the â€Å"Universal Declaration of Human Rights† was adopted with the intention of protecting and ensuring human rights, which had become a prominent issueR ead MoreEssay about Eleanor Roosevelt Speech Outline684 Words   |  3 Pagesand her greatest accomplishment, also about the Declaration of human rights and both their impact on the world. Eleanor Roosevelt 1. Introduction a) Have you ever wondered what a first lady goes through? Well back in the time for the first one hundred forty-four years of the presidency the first ladies were generally little accessory for the president. In 1933, this was all to change when Eleanor Roosevelt became first lady of the United States; she became the wife of the 32 president. The United Nations Universal Declaration Of Human Rights There are many arguments that there will soon be a Third World War. World Wars I and II have been instigated by nations wanting to rule parts of the world. The Islamic State in Iraq and Syria (ISIS) has caused many fights and controversy all around the world, possibly igniting World War III. This very dangerous and powerful group has no regard for human rights committing numerous atrocities, including sexual assault and forced marriage, suicide attacks within civilian areas, killings of religious and ethnic minorities, summary executions and beheadings of innocent hostages. Still going on today, ISIS continually captures and abducts civilians who do not conform to their extreme views and execute anyone with different religious beliefs.†¦show more content†¦ISIS’s main goal is to ‘save and transform’ the Arab and Islamic world while implementing their own religious views and beliefs. Taking control over Iraq and Syria, they attack and kill hundreds of men, women and even children based on their religion or ethnicity and recruit children as child soldiers. As individuals are restrained, some are shot in the back in attempt of fleeing their imprisonment, some buried alive and also in mass graves. Continuing ISIS’s mistreatment, they stone men and women accused of adultery, crucify civilians, impose forced marriage, rape and kidnap girls and women for sexual slavery and behead foreign journalists while circulating these videos on social media. These vicious crimes are continuously happening, even today, resulting in numerous human rights violations such as the right to life, no slavery, no torture, no unfair detainment, social security, a fair and free world, freedom to move, freedom of expression and no one can take away your human rights. To reiterate how dangerous and ruthless ISIS really is, they have committed a total of 4 million human rights abuses during the surge in Iraq just in 2014. Originating in 1999 and pledging allegiance to al-Qaeda in 2004, ISIS continues to stack up the atrocious murder numbers. While only cutting the tie with al-Qaeda on the February 3, 2014 and proclaiming to be a worldwide caliphate on June 29, 2014, they claimed formation of

Genetics Basics

Have you ever wondered why you have the same eye color as your mother or the same hair color as your father? Genetics is the study of inheritance or  heredity. Genetics helps to explain how traits are passed from parents to their young. Parents pass traits to their young through gene transmission. Genes are located on chromosomes and consist of DNA. They contain specific instructions for protein synthesis. Genetics Basics Resources Understanding certain genetic concepts can be difficult for beginners. Below are several helpful resources that will assist in the understanding of basic genetic principles. Gene Inheritance Genetic Dominance: Learn about the differences between complete genetic dominance, codominance, and incomplete dominance.Mendels Law of Segregation: The principles that govern heredity were discovered by a monk named Gregor Mendel in the 1860s. One of these principles is now called Mendels law of segregation.Mendels Law of Independent Assortment: This principle of heredity formulated by Gregor Mendel states that traits are transmitted to offspring independently of one another.Polygenic Inheritance: Polygenic inheritance is the inheritance of traits such as skin color, eye color, and hair color that are determined by more than one gene.Sex-linked Traits: Hemophilia is an example of a common sex-linked disorder that is an X linked recessive trait. Genes and Chromosomes Chromosomes and Sex: Introduction to the basics of sex determination by the presence or absence of certain chromosomes.Gene Mutations: A gene mutation is any change that occurs in the DNA. These changes can be beneficial to, have some effect on, or be seriously detrimental to an organism.Four Cute Features Caused by Gene Mutations: Did you know that cute features such as dimples and freckles are caused by gene mutations? These traits can either be inherited or acquired.Genetic Recombination: In genetic recombination, genes on chromosomes are recombined to produce organisms with new gene combinations.Genetic Variation: In genetic variation, the alleles of organisms within a population change. This change may result from mutation, gene flow, or sexual reproduction.Sex Chromosome Abnormalities: Sex chromosome abnormalities occur as a result of chromosome mutations brought on by mutagens or problems that occur during meiosis. Genes and Protein Synthesis Decoding Your Genetic Code: The genetic code is the information in DNA and RNA that determines amino acid sequences in protein synthesis.How Does DNA Transcription Work?: DNA transcription is a process that involves the transcribing of genetic information from DNA to RNA. Genes are transcribed in order to produce proteins.Translation: Making Protein Synthesis Possible: Protein synthesis is accomplished through a process called translation. In translation, RNA and ribosomes work together to produce proteins. Mitosis and Meiosis DNA Replication: DNA replication is the process of copying the DNA within our cells. This process is a necessary step in mitosis and meiosis.The Cell Cycle of Growth: Cells grow and replicate through an ordered series of events called the cell cycle.Stage-By-Stage Guide to Mitosis: This guide to the phases of mitosis explores the reproduction of cells. In mitosis, chromosomes are duplicated and divided evenly between two daughter cells.Stages of Meiosis: This stage-by-stage guide to the phases of meiosis provides details about the events that occur in each of the stages of meiosis I and meiosis II.7 Differences Between Mitosis and Meiosis: Cells divide either through the process of mitosis or meiosis. Sex cells are produced through meiosis, while all other body cell types are produced through mitosis. Reproduction Gametes: The Building Blocks of Sexual Reproduction: Gametes are reproductive cells that unite at fertilization to form a new cell called a zygote. Gametes are haploid cells, meaning that they contain only one set of chromosomes.Haploid Cells: Gametes and Spores: A haploid cell is a cell that contains one complete set of chromosomes. Gametes are examples of haploid cells that reproduce by meiosis.How Sexual Reproduction Occurs: Sexual reproduction is a process by which two individuals produce offspring with genetic traits from both parents. It involves the union of gametes.Types of Fertilization in Sexual Reproduction: Fertilization involves the union of male and female sex cells, which results in the production of offspring with a mix of inherited genes.Parthenogenesis and Reproduction Without Fertilization: Parthenogenesis is a type of asexual reproduction that does not require the fertilization of a female egg cell. Both plants and animals reproduce in this manner.What Is Asexual Reproduction?: In asexual reproduction, one individual produces offspring that are genetically identical to itself. Common forms of asexual reproduction include budding, regeneration, and parthenogenesis.

The Relationship of Gender and Language - 1812 Words

An interest in the relationship between gender and language use has sparked a wide array of studies since the 1960s . Researchers then began questioning the assumption that the different genders, as well as the language patterns associated with them, were biologically determined . While a vast part of the general public still adheres to the notion that there is a natural dichotomy between two completely distinct genders—male and female—it is now widely established in academic circles that this is not the case . The reality is far more complex. The term â€Å"sex† is now generally used to denote biological categories, as determined by female or male chromosomes and/or genitals . By contrast, â€Å"gender† refers to â€Å"a routine, methodical, and†¦show more content†¦It is important to note that these approaches are all linked, and elements from each one can be used to interpret how and why women and men talk the way they do, and what that sugges ts about them as individuals and as members of society. Extract 4 presents us with a conversation among four young female flatmates. The subject matter could be described as stereotypically female in that it is relatively trivial, pertaining to household objects and diets. They talk about tableware (l.22 â€Å"I’m absolutely loving this glass†, l.25 â€Å"this glass†, and l.26-34), which seems to conform with the traditional housewife role that women are (or rather were) meant to occupy, and about their eating habits (l.13 â€Å"low fat†, l.46 â€Å"diet killer†), linking to many women’s preoccupation with appearance. Lakoff argues that women have been socialized to gravitate towards these kinds of topics—which could be regarded as being irrelevant to the â€Å"real† world—because this separates the more serious male subculture from the more trivial female one (Lakoff 1973, p.45). The amount of laughter and the light-hearted tone fit into that argument, although they probably result from these women being comfortable around each other since they share a flat and presumably know each other well. In Extract 5, we are faced with a group of men, middle-aged and most likely working-class since they work at a car factory. One of them talks at length about a â€Å"pretty girl† he met during his naturalizationShow MoreRelatedThe Relationship Between Gender and Language1984 Words   |  8 Pagesrange of language issues. In chapter 13, Wardhaugh provides a good insight to the relationship between language and gender. He explains gender differences of language-in-use with concise examples. Wardhaugh riases questions about sexist language and guides readers to look closer at how people use language differently because of their own gender in daily life. According to the Whorfian hypothesis, which indicates that the way people use language reflects their thoughts, different genders adapt differentRead MoreTwelfth Night By William Shakespeare784 Words   |  4 PagesThroughout Shakespeare s Twelfth Night, there are various depictions of gender identity, which causes different rel ations among the characters. Many of the characters fall between traditional and non-traditional in terms of their courtship rituals; this eventually leads to gender confusion. In addition, the appealing language influences the characters and their decisions. In examining each character, we will see the various gender identities in which Shakespeare depicted in Twelfth Night. BeginningRead MoreGender Is A Social Construct Rather Than Of Biological Origin1732 Words   |  7 Pages Gender is a social construct which is regarded as a sociolinguistic variable that affects language use in society. This contributed to characterizing many different aspects of life that were thought to be understood to be of social construct rather than of biological origin. Language as a crucial communication tool, not only reflects the reality of the society, but also has various functions to strengthen and maintain social existence. Males and females use different ways of thinking, processingRead MoreGender Stereotypes Essay832 Words   |  4 PagesHow is Gender represented in your TWO prescribed texts and ONE related text? In the texts of ‘The Chrysanthemums’ by John Steinbeck, ‘Folk Hero’ by H.M. Tolcher and ‘Ode to Barbie’ by Romanie Moreton the concept of gender is supported and challenged in a variety of ways. Men are typically portrayed as hard-working, rebellious and fulfilling a job in a male dominated profession. In contrast to this, females are depicted as fragile and emotional, having the role of the housewife. The authors of theRead MoreSexism : Women Are Weak, Less Intelligent, And Less Important Than Men1399 Words   |  6 Pagesof masculinity to toughness and competitiveness† and â€Å"the subordination of women.† Cornell claims that â€Å"such an idealized form of masculinity becomes hegemonic when it is widely accepted in a culture and when that acceptance reinforces the dominant gender ideology of the culture† (pp. 290-291). AsTrujillo (1991, pp. 291-292) put it, hegemonic masculine characteristics include â€Å"power defined in terms of physical force and control,† success defined in terms of occupational achievement in traditionalRead MoreApproaches to the Figure of Divine Wisdom in the Book of Proverbs1245 Words   |  5 PagesMcGrath suggests that ‘Feminism is a global movement, arguing for gender equality and a right understanding of the relationship between women and men to be affirmed by contemporary theology and practice’ (McGrath, 2011: p.88). Thus, when discussing wisdom in the scriptures the feminists are observing how gender is represented and the effect of this representation upon helping or hindering a ‘right relationship’ between the genders. To recap, Proverbs illustrate Wisdom as both teacher and as a personifiedRead MoreAnalysis Of The New York Times By Cyra Mcfaddin1130 Words   |  5 PagesIn Cyra McFaddin’s article published in the New York Times titled â€Å"In Defense of Gender,† she asserts that male pronouns should not be eliminated from written and spoken English works. McFaddin uses satire in an attempt to make readers sympathetic to a writer’s problem of trying to be nondiscriminatory by using gender-neutral language. Cyra McFaddin’s goal is to convince readers that gender neutral language won’t solve any problems or advance feminist ideas because she believes some take it to theRead MoreIn Pat Barker’S â€Å"For The White Person Who Wants To Know1364 Words   |  6 Pagesthemselves, or put on a performance of liking and enjoying black culture. â€Å"Men and Women are from Earth,† by Rosalind Barnett and Caryl Rivers, also carries a similar dilemma. Within this excerpt, the authors describe how in various other writings like Language and Social Identity by Daniel N. Maltz and Ruth A. Borker, describe men and women as fundamentally different (Disch 2009), and as a result have to compensate for those differences. Teaching people to be acutely aware of their differences onlyRead MoreDifferences Between Men And Women1746 Words   |  7 Pages Gender Differences in Communication Have you ever thought someone wasn’t listening to you? Or that your request is being ignored because the response wasn’t framed in a way it should have been? Maybe it’s because you were speaking to a person who was of a different gender. Men use short direct speech, while women use indirect dialogue. Therefore, when genders meet up there’s a gap in communication. Men and women unconsciously communicate differently in numerous ways, so by understanding each other’sRead MoreHow Do Gender and Race Influence on Negotiation 1746 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction-(1 page) Does gender influence how we negotiate, and how well we do? Does being a male or female affect our performance in a negotiation? Common logic tells us the answer is yes. Research concurs. Men and women differ in the way they view negotiations, the way they conduct negotiations, and even the outcome of negotiations. Being one gender puts us at an advantage to negotiate over being another gender. With the current style of negotiation, in the real world, men fare better in negotiations

World War I And Great War - 1447 Words

World war one was one the biggest wars in recorded history. It lasted from 1914-1918 and was a brutal conflict in Canadian history. More than 60,000 Canadians died in this war. When the First World War began in the year of 1914, some believe that it would last for a long time. Many young individuals in Canada and others saw this war as a privilege to travel, adventure, and great beauty. Some individuals were afraid that the conflict would be over before they could get into the battle. Many people signed up dreaming that they would have the honour of fighting for the British Empire, to which Canada belonged. The somewhat â€Å"Great War† was different in the dreamy vision than it was in reality. This war took the lives of more than 8 million†¦show more content†¦Some of the causes of world war one are imperialism, militarism, nationalism, and alliances. Imperialism is when one country rules over another through establishment of colonies. Imperialism resulted from Indus trialization, which was needed for raw goods and markets for manufactured goods. The countries fought with each other over colonies. Militarism was used for building a strong military and in order for that country to have its interests dominate the government. In the past, war was seen as something that was acceptable to solve conflicts and enhance a country. Some examples of imperialism include: naval arms race between Great Britain and Germany. Nationalism is a strong feeling of loyalty and protection of culture and need of ethnic group to have a country that is their own. Alliances are countries that form cooperative groups in order to protect everyone’s interests. However, the most significant cause of world war one was industrialization, which had fueled imperialism, and Nationalism. Together they both caused three factors that led to war: German unification, territorial rivalries, and economic competition. The Great powers were prepared to participate in the war because in the 15th century, some European nations were expanding their territory forcefully. Countries that were powerful used imperialism by creating colonies all over the world in order to create empires. They used the land and resources of the nations that were weak and controlled by the great

History of the original lincol Essay Example For Students

History of the original lincol Essay In 1858, there was a great struggle within the state of Illinois for a seat in the Senate. The well know Stephen A. Douglas, the favored candidate, was excepted to win. Abraham Lincoln was not a well known candidate. In a struggle for the possible position, Lincoln proposed that he and Douglas organize a series of debates, so that both men might divide time, and address the same audiences during the same canvass.Douglas accepted, and he feared that he had everything to lose from a joint appearance, and yet to decline the challenge would have seemed unmanly in the West of the mid nineteenth century.Douglas then purposed dates and places; Lincoln complained that Douglas would have four opening and closings speeches whereas he would have only three, he wrote I accede, and thus close the arrangement.The first of seven debates was on Saturday, August 21, 1858 at Ottawa, which started an important part of the history of the United States of America, the Lincoln-Douglas debates. The Ottawa debate set the format for the remaining six debates. Lincoln and Douglas agreed that the first speaker would speak for an hour, the second speaker for an hour and a half, and the first speaker again for half an hour. On August 21, excitement was in the air. The towns population of over 7,000 doubled overnight.At 2:30 p.m. Douglas began speaking and the battle was on!The Little Giant, Douglas, displayed the art that marked him as the master stump-speaker of his day.He first criticized Lincolns background and political history. He talked about Black inferiority, and the social as well as political dangers of freeing Blacks. The highlight of his speech was the surprising argument he threw at Lincoln in the form of the Springfield Resolutions of 1854. Douglas quoted the radical Codding and declared that Lincoln joined with abolitionists Giddings, Chase, Fred Douglass, and Parson Lovejoy had constructed this platform for the new Black Republican Party of Illinois.Douglas became so engrossed in the speech he had to be reminded of his time limit. When Lincoln replied, he had no choice but to defend himself against the accusations. As Lincoln continued to debate, he displayed his ability as a rough-and-tumble debater, which had caused Douglas to say that he would have his hands full with Old Abe.He refuted Douglas accusations that he favored social and political equality with the Negro. Lincoln also attacked Douglas sensitive past history as a judge. Lincoln finished well within his time. Douglas quickly went on attack. Once again, he brought up the Black Republican Party and Lincolns connection to it. He argued that Lincoln did not deny being a part of that party. He talked of the Springfield convention and reminded Lincoln of his whereabouts on that day. Now I want to remind Mr. Lincoln that he was at Springfield when that Convention was held and those resolutions adopted. The point I am going to remind Mr. Lincoln of is this: that after I had made my speech in 1854, during the fair, he gave me notice that he was going to reply to me the next day. I was sick at the time, but I staid over in Springfield to hear his reply and to reply to him. On that day this very Convention, the resolutions adopted by which I have read, was to meet in the Senate chamber. He spoke in the hall of the House and when he got through his speechmy recollection is distinct, and I shall never forget itMr. Codding walked in as I took the stand to reply, and gave notice that the Republican State Convention would meet instantly in the Senate chamber, and called upon the Republicans to retire there and go into this very convention, instead of remaining and listening to me. He finished his attack with this comment:The Black Republican party stands pledgedbut he can not devise his answer; he has not made up his mind, whether he will or not. He talked about everything else he could think to occupy his hour and a half, and when he could not think of anything more to say, without an

Privatization of Electricity in Tanzania Essay Example For Students

Privatization of Electricity in Tanzania Essay Privatization of Electricity in TanzaniaThe story of Tanzania, from pre-colonialist period to presentTanzania, located in East Africa, is one of the least developed countries in the world. According to the UNDP Human Development Index, Tanzania ranked 162 out of 177 countries in the 2004 survey (UNDP:2004, HDI), with one being the most developed. According to the Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (PRSP) prepared by Tanzanian officials for the World Bank, half of Tanzanians 36.6 million people are characterized as poor and one-third live in abject poverty(WB: PRSP p.1). Tanzanians have a life expectancy of 43.5 years, a fertility rate of 5.1 births per woman, an HIV prevalence of 8.8%, and a population growth rate of 1.95% (UNDP: 2004). Agriculture makes up half of the countrys GDP, 85% of the exports, and 80% of the labor force (CIA: 2004). Culturally, Tanzanians are made up of 130 different tribes, each speaking their own mother tongue. The official languages of Tanzania are Kiswahil i and English, with English being the main language in commerce, administration, and higher education (CIA: 2004). Kiswahili is a mix of Bantu languages, English, and Arabic, and is indicative of the millennia old history of trade with the outside world. Records of trade routes with the Middle East date back to the 1st century AD (govt web: early history). Zanzibar and the coastal town of Bagamoya were the hubs of the East African slave trade, active for well over a thousand years (pilot). While the early slave trade with the Middle East existed only on a small scale, transporting around 100 slaves at a time, the appearance of Europeans in the 17th century ratcheted up the trade to a much larger scale and level of organization, at its height moving 15,000 slaves a year out of East Africa (pilot). Serious efforts to end the slave trade began in the 19th century, though the trade continued through the German occupation of then German East Africa in the latter part of the century. In 1919 after World War I, Britain took over German East Africa, renaming it Tanganyika, and permanently put an end to the slave trade (govt web: colonial period ). Tanganyika attained independence from British rule in 1961 and Zanzibar followed soon after in 1963, ending the existence of the British mandated territory. Tanzania was formed in 1964 by uniting the mainland, Tanganyika, and the islands of Zanzibar. An excerpt from the Tanzanian National Website displays an interesting official interpretation of the lingering effects of centuries of occupation by foreigners (my emphasis):During the domination of Tanzania by Germans, British and Arabs, the indigenous people were decimated, lost their destiny and cultural identity, were economically exploited and their technology disrupted. However, the worst evil of all committed by colonialists has been their wishful intent to discourage individual initiative to venture, discover, make attempts and to fabricate. The outcome is the current dependency status! (govt web, social organization)This quote reveals an interesting viewpoint to keep in mind as we enter the discussion of the political climate and the push for privatization and foreign investment in modern day Tanzania. Politics and PrivatizationAfter independence was established in the sixties, Tanzania entered a long period of socialism where the economy, and hence all private investor-owned property, was nationalized (AETC: 2000, history). In subsequent decades, many of the public enterprises suffered from bad management and a lack of financial viability leading to a failing Tanzanian economy. In 1992 the government finally reformed its political system, allowing the formation of political parties (ibid). The same year the Tanzanian government announced the establishment of the Parastatal Sector Reform Commission (PSRC) signaling its intention to privatize all of the 390 state-owned enterprises in an effort to rejuvenate the economy, making Tanzania more competitive in the global market (prctz.com). In an effort to attract investors and decrease risk perception, the government signed international treaties committing never to nationalize private property again (AETC: 2001, history). PSRC expanded the policy in 1996 to include private sector participation in utilities and infrastructure ventures (prctz.com). According to the PSRC website, currently 330 public enterprises have been taken over by the private sector. Tanzanian investors have maintained 100% ownership in 135 of those enterprises (WB:PRSP). Tanzania Electric Supply Company (Tanesco)One of the biggest parastatals which maintained 100% Tanzanian governmental ownership until recently is the Tanzania Electric Supply Company (Tanesco), responsible for all grid-connected electricity supply in the country. Lets take a brief look at the history of Tanesco and electricity provision in Tanzania:1908 1st public electricity supply set up by German colonialists, served railway workshops and colonialist neighborhoods1920 British take over control of then Tanganyika, establish a Governmental Electricity Department1931 Electricity supply handed over to two private enterprises 1) Tanganyika Electric Supply Company Ltd. (Tanesco) 2) Dar es Salaam and District Electric Supply Company Ltd. (Danesco)1964 Independence and establishment of Tanzania as a socialist nation, over a period of ten years the government purchases 100% stock in both companies1968 The two companies are merged and renamed Tanzania Electric Supply Company Ltd., maintained under governmental control for the remainder of the century (190 8-1968 above from AETC: 2000, company profile: Tanesco)1992 Liberalization of Tanzanian economy allows for private investor involvement in electricity generation, maintains governmental control of transmission and distribution (prtz:Tanesco)1995 Songas was established, an Independent Power Producer project company created to implement the Songo Songo natural gas to electricity project 1996 PSR policy reformed to allow private sector involvement in utilities and infrastructure ventures1999 Tanzanian Government approved a restructuring plan for Tanesco and a new policy for the electricity industry (prtz:Tanesco)Tanesco is a traditional vertically integrated electric utility, meaning it offers all aspects of power provision: generation, transmission, and distribution of electricity. Tanesco used to have a complete monopoly on all aspects of power provision, but as of 1992, the Tanzanian government began allowing Independent Power Producers (IPPs) to generate power and sell that pow er to the Tanesco grid for transmission and distribution. Under this organizational structure, there are more opportunities for competition amongst power providers, with the intention of better service for electricity customers. 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Grist Magazine, December 2001. http://www.grist.org/advice/books/2001/12/12/to/REEEPEastern Africa Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Partnership (REEEP) STATUS OF POWER SECTOR REFORMS AND PROMOTION OF RENEWABLE ENERGY AND ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN TANZANIA, June 2003. Rose, C. 1998, The Several Futures of Property: Of Cyberspace and Folk Tales, Emission Trades and Ecosystems, 83 Minn. L. Rev. 129. 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