Muhammad Ali Jinnah and Jinnah Briefly Essay Example for Free

Muhammad Ali Jinnah and Jinnah Briefly Essay Quaid-E-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah was born Mahomedali Jinnahbhai; 25 December 1876 – 11 September 1948).He was a lawyer, politician, and the founder of Pakistan. Jinnah served as leader of the All-India Muslim League from 1913 until Pakistans independence on 14 August 1947, and as Pakistans first Governor-General from independence until his death. He is revered in Pakistan as Quaid-i-Azam (Great Leader) and Baba-i-Qaum (Father of the Nation). His birthday is observed as a national holiday. By 1940, Jinnah had come to believe that Indian Muslims should have their own state. In that year, the Muslim League, led by Jinnah, passed the Lahore Resolution, demanding a separate nation. During the Second World War, the League gained strength while leaders of the Congress were imprisoned, and in the elections held shortly after the war, it won most of the seats reserved for Muslims. Ultimately, the Congress and the Muslim League could not reach a power-sharing formula for a united India, leading all parties to agree to separate independence for a predominately Hindu India, and for a Muslim-majority state, to be called Pakistan. As the first Governor-General of Pakistan, Jinnah worked to establish the new nations government and policies, and to aid the millions of Muslim migrants who had emigrated from the new nation of India to Pakistan after the partition. As a boy, Jinnah lived for a time in Bombay with an aunt and may have attended the Gokal Das Tej Primary School. He gained his matriculation from Bombay University at the high school. In his later years and especially after his death, a large number of stories about the boyhood of Pakistans founder were circulated: that he spent all his spare time at the police court, listening to the proceedings, and that he studied his books by the glow of street lights for lack of other illumination. Soon after his arrival in London, Jinnah gave up the apprenticeship in order to study law, enraging his father, who had, before his departure, given him enough money to live for three years. The aspiring barrister joined Lincolns Inn, later stating that the reason he chose Lincolns over the other Inns of Court was that over the main entrance to Lincolns Inn were the names of the worlds great lawgivers, including Muhammad. During his student years in England, Jinnah was influenced by 19th-century British liberalism, like many other future Indian independence leaders. Dissatisfied with the law, Jinnah briefly embarked on a stage career with a Shakespearean company, but resigned after receiving a stern letter from his father. In 1895, at age 19, he became the youngest Indian to be called to the bar in England. Legal and early political career: Barrister: Aged twenty, Jinnah began his practice in Bombay; the only Muslim barrister in the city. English had become his principal language and would remain so throughout his life. His first three years in the law, from 1897 to 1900, brought him few briefs. In 1900, P. H. Dastoor, a Bombay presidency magistrate, left the post temporarily and Jinnah succeeded in getting the interim position. After his six-month appointment period, Jinnah was offered a permanent position on a 1,500 rupee per month salary. Jinnah politely declined the offer, stating that he planned to earn 1,500 rupees a day—a huge sum at that time—which he eventually did. As a lawyer, Jinnah gained fame for his skilled handling of the 1907 Case†. One of Jinnahs fellow barristers from the Bombay High Court remembered that Jinnahs faith in him was incredible; he recalled that on being admonished by a judge with Mr. Jinnah, remember that you are not addressing a third-class magistrate Jinnah shot back My Lord, allow me to warn you that you are not addressing a third-class pleader. Another of his fellow barristers described him: He was what God made him, a great pleader. He had a sixth sense: he could see around corners. That is where his talents lay he was a very clear thinker But he drove his points home—points chosen with exquisite selection—slow delivery, word by word. Return to Politics: Jinnah (front, left) with the Working Committee of the Muslim League after a meeting in Luck now, October 1937. Beginning in 1933, Indian Muslims, especially from the United Provinces, began to urge Jinnah to return to India and take up again his leadership of the Muslim League, an organization which had fallen into inactivity. He remained titular president of the League, but declined to travel to India to preside over its 1933 session in April, writing that he could not possibly return there until the end of the year. Among those who met with Jinnah to seek his return was Liaquat Ali Khan, who would be a major political associate of Jinnah in the years to come and the first Prime Minister of Pakistan. At Jinnahs request, Liaquat discussed the return with a large number of Muslim politicians and confirmed his recommendation to Jinnah. In early 1934, Jinnah relocated to the subcontinent, though he shuttled between London and India on business for the next few years, selling his house in Hampstead and closing his legal practice in Britain. In the next two years, Jinnah worked to build support among Muslims for the League. He secured the right to speak for the Muslim-led Bengali and Punjabi provincial governments in the central government in New Delhi (the Centre). He worked to expand the league, reducing the cost of membership to two annas (â…› of a rupee), half of what it cost to join the Congress. He restructured the League along the lines of the Congress, putting most power in a Working Committee, which he appointed. By December 1939, Liaquat estimated that the League had three million two-Anna members.

Biometric Cryptosystem :: Technology, Encryption

As stated in ISO/IEC JTC1 SC37 biometrics is defined as the automated recognition of individuals based on their behavioural; and biological characteristics. As discussed in section-------(Intro to biometrics) the main process involved in biometric recognition are Enrollment and Verification or Identification in general called as recognition. During the Enrollment process features of the captured biometric entity are converted to template, to be stored in database for further matching. At the stage of recognition , template obtained from the features of the realtime biometric entity are compared against the stored template. The result of matching process involved in recognition is either accept or reject[1]. It has been a long time belief that the biometric signals or data cannot be reconstructed from the stored templates but Cappelli et.al and Ross et.al[2][3] has proven that the belief of biometric data reconstruction from the templates is possible. In order to protect the biometric data , several standard encryption algorithms has been used. But, this attempt leaves the biometric templates exposed during every authentication attempt[4]. Even homomorphic and asymmetric encryption schmes [5][6][7] represent some exceptions. Conventional cryptosystems is based on the possession of secret keys and key management is performed using second layer authentication entity like password[8]. Decryption keys in this scheme could be obtained by using the password. To overcome the drawbacks of the existing schemes, biometric template protection schemes which are commonly called as biometric cryptosystems also referred to as Helper data-based scheme are proposed. Two major requirements of biometric information protection as per ISO/IEC FCD 24745 standard are, †¢ Irreversibility Reconstruction of original biometric template from the stored template should be made difficult whereas construction of protected biometric template from the stored template should be made easy. †¢ Unlinkability Several different versions of protected biometric templates can be generated based on the same biometric data, which is referred to as renewability whereas the protected templates should not cross-match, which is referred to as diversity. Biometric cryptosystems herein after referred to as BCS are designed to securely bind a digital key to a biometric or generate a digital key [9]. BCS paves way for the growth of biometric dependant key-release and biometric template protection [10][11]. BCS is more difficult to forge, copy, share and distribute biometric data when compared to that of passwords [1]. Conventional biometric cryptosystems perform fuzzy comparisons by applying decision thresholds. Decision thresholds are obtained based on the score distributions between genuine and imposter subjects, whereas BCS gives only stable keys as output , which are required for matching at the authentication stage.

How to make friends?

Good morning Principal, teachers and fellow students, Welcome all new Form 1 students. This is the first school assembly. It's our honour to have all come back to our school and to feel the harmonious atmosphere around the school. Form 1 stage is a critical period in which students need to adapt to the new environment. It's a transitional period for you and you have to overcome these sorts of psychological changes. In the new school year, you will meet different people who are new to you, you will have many subjects that you haven't encountered in primary school. I am the Chairman of the school counseling service. My name is Chris Wong from 6S. I am going to give all Form 1 new students some suggestions on how to make friends. Firstly, let me tell you the importance of making friends briefly. According to Confucianism, ‘friends' are one of the five important elements in interpersonal relationships. Friends give consolation, point out the mistakes you make and urge you to correct them. Friends are to be trusted and have the responsibility to ‘monitor' each other. Friends are spread all over the world. Confucius even said, ‘Teachers are also your FRIENDS because they not only teach you knowledge and learning tactics, but they also teach you social ethics and morals. Morals are clues to guide you – not to act improperly, not to go astray.' You see, friends are so important to us! Okay, let us move to ‘what attracts people to each other'. There are two definitions. From a micro-view, people are always attracted by same gender, same age, same school, same residential building, and so on. This is because making friends depends on the interpersonal distance between them. The closer they are and the more often they see each other, the greater chance there is of making friends. From a macro-view, friends are not limited to the aforementioned factors – friends are spread all around the world. There are no boundary limitations to making friends. If people only have the same hobbies and feel good to meet each other, they will become friends. I hope you will catch what I mean. Maybe I give you some real examples on ways to make friends, then you will have a better understanding on what I mentioned before. Firstly, ‘being active' is of the utmost importance in making friends. Try not to be shy and dare to initiate the conversation. This is ‘interaction' because the relationship of friends is bilateral, it can never be unilateral. For example, you can start the conversation by saying, ‘Hi! It's hot. It'll be good to go swimming. I like swimming, do you like swimming?†¦' The content of the conversation is mainly about the same hobby. Of course, there are other ways to make friends, say, inviting somebody or even a group of people to a party, to a ball, to a feast, etc. Invitations are a symbol of sincerity. People like to see someone else treat them in a friendly manner, so it is another good way to make friends. Ah†¦May I add a point? Just now, I talked about making friends who have the same hobby as you. You may even bring your actual stuffs along with you and give them a look. Say, if you like collecting stamps, you may being a stamp album along. So, when you feel bored, you can take out the album and discuss with your friends the meaning of collecting stamps, like learning others' practices and customs and enhancing cultural awareness. Or if you like playing ball games, you can take a ball with you. You'll find it very useful in case you need it. There are additional benefits, playing sports is fun and improve our cardiovascular functions. Let me discuss the ways to make friends. In the ‘Age of the Information Explosion', people can make friends on the Internet with the aid of devices, like ICQ, MSN and Skype. If you have a web camera and a microphone connected to the computer, you can even have audio and visual conversations with your acquaintance on the other side of the world. Making friends in the Net is not ‘virtual' as some people say, but it may be risky sometimes. So, let's move on how to make friends carefully. Not everyone is kind-hearted, some are criminals and crooks, especially when we make friends on the Net, and we need to be very careful since you don't have a face-to-face contact with the other even though you have a web camera. So, my advice is first, don't meet the ‘friend' you make on the Net alone, in case. Meet him or her along with your parents. Second, don't tell your private personal information, say, ID cxard number, phone number, address to them under any circumstances. Of course, we need to be self-disciplined when making friends. Don't tell lies on the Net! Indeed, there are two kinds of friends. One kind is called ‘true friends' and another kind is called ‘acquaintances'. It is very difficult to find true friends who totally have no barrier between you and him or her. But, you can make acquaintances very easily. So, the best way to do is to ‘turn your foes into your acquaintance.' An enemy is no good, so you can turn them to acquaintances by just saying hello and goodbye to them. In this way, you can keep him with certain distance but the relationship is not antagonistic. In the meantime, you should try hard to consolidate and enhance your relationship with your true friends. Treasure them! Value them! Don't lie to them! In conclusion, it's never difficult to make friends unless people become extinct. So, try your best to make good friends who are beneficial to you. I hope all you guys adapt to our school life this year. Thank you!

The Constitution Of The United States - 2400 Words

One of the primary purposes of the Constitution of the United States is to divide powers between the Congress and the President. The President of course is the Commander in Chief of all the armed forces. Congress on the other hand is empowered by the Constitution to raise and support armies, to establish a navy, to declare war, to control war through things called letters of marque, and letter of reprisal, and to call forth a militia, the National Guard. So the Constitution envisions a balancing and a complementary relationship between the President and Congress when talking about war powers. But we have also got to recognize that historically when your dealing with times of war and great crisis affecting the United States, the†¦show more content†¦However, we are told by the President that this war on terrorism is a global war, the battlefield extends anywhere in the world including within the United States. And this is a war that may not have any end-point because if it extends to when the last terrorist cell that could possibly do us harm is eradicated, it will go on and on, and the Presidents power will continue to accrue, unless Congress challenges it. Four different applications of Presidential power in the war on terrorism. 1. The detention and prosecution of enemy combatants, such as those we hold in Guantanamo Bay. 2. Interrogation techniques and torture. 3. Extraordinary rendition, when the Germans basically began subpoenaing some of our CIA agents. 4. Surveillance by the National Security Agency. Detention of enemy combatants, there is a rich history in international law to support that. Commanders have always had the authority to detain those that they capture on the battlefield until the cessation of hostilities, this is established in the Hague regulations of 1907, and the much more familiar Geneva Conventions of 1949. So when the President says that he can detain enemy combatants until the end of the war this is a true statement, the question is when will the war be over. Because in World War II we knew when the war was over, in the first